Adult Education and Public Funding Policies: The "Whiskey-Money" in Britain and Its Implications for Adult Education in Canada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56105/cjsae.v3i2.2342Abstract
The article begins by considering some of the motives for a study of early experiments in education. It then explores the financial limitations associated with the voluntary educational agencies of Victorian times. Middle class support and philanthropy are shown to have developed an uneasy partnership with working class aspirations in the mechanics' institutes. This partnership was evident in Britain, Canada, and the United States, and its limitations were highlighted by conflicts over the nature of the education provided. The working classes accordingly made efforts to determine and finance their own adult educational programs, free from the prevailing utilitarian ethic. Early public funding of adult education in Britain is shown to have developed from diverse reform agendas, and to have progressed from a centralized and essentially utilitarian policy to locally administered and more holistic policies. Windfall revenues, termed the "Whiskey money", then made possible a decade of unparalleled educational development. That opponents of such expenditures were almost universally defeated is noted in a period when the (male) working classes were being enfranchised, and were increasingly conscious of their educational deprivation. That public funding policies inherited from voluntarism the notion of an education appropriate to one's social class is also noted. In a period of large scale migration to Canada and some pioneer studies of comparative adult education, comfortable Old World precedents of public funding jostled with shared attitudes toward an education "appropriate" to the working classes. It is thus suggested that some residual influences of these developments were experienced in Canada.
RésuméDans cet article on examine d'abord la motivation à étudier les premières expériences passées en éducation. On explore ensuite les limites financières des agences d'éducation de l'époque victorienne. On voit que dans les instituts techniques (mechanics' institute) l'appui de la classe bourgeoise et des philantropes a développé un partenariat qui s'accommodait difficilement avec les aspirations de la classe ouvrière. Ce partenariat qui était évident en Grande-Bretagne, au Canada et aux Etats-Unis, et ses limites furent mises en évidence par les conflits sur la nature de l'éducation offerte. La classe ouvrière a donc fait des efforts pour déterminer et financer ses propres programmes d'éducation des adultes, dégagés de l'éthique utilitariste qui prévalait. On démontre qu'à l'origine, le financement public de l'éducation des adultes en Grande-Bretagne s'est développé à la suite de divers programmes de réforme, et a progressé d'une politique centralisée et essentiellement utilitariste vers des politiques d'administration locale et des approches plus holistiques. Des revenus inattendus dits "whiskey money", on permis une décennie de développement sans pareil en éducation. On remarque que durant la période où la classe ouvrière (les hommes) obtenait le droit de suffrage et où celle-ci était de plus en plus consciente qu'elle était privée d'éducation, les opposants à de telles dépenses en éducation ont presque tous été défaits. On note aussi que les politiques de financement public ont hérité du volontarisme l'idée d'une éducation appropriée à sa classe sociale. A l'époque des grandes migrations vers le Canada, et de quelques études d'avant-garde en éducation des adultes comparée, les précédents de l'Ancien monde sur le financement public ont côtoyé les conceptions partagées sur une éducation "appropriée" à la classe ouvrière. On suggère que des éléments résiduels de ce type de développement se sont fait sentir au Canada.
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